Civil Disobedience Essay

Civil disobedience is defined as the refusal to obey certain laws or governmental demands for the purpose of influencing legislation or government policy. It is characterized by the employment of nonviolent techniques such as boycotting, picketing, and nonpayment of taxes. Civil disobedience is a nonviolent act of protest, which is caused by a moral belief that a law is wrong or otherwise known as unconstitutional. In the nineteenth century, the American author Henry David Thoreau wrote â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† an important essay justifying such action which started the boycotting and other nonviolent actions. Civil disobedience was started by the American author Henry David Thoreau. Henry Thoreau established the modern theory behind the practice of civil disobedience in his essay, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† originally titled â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government,† which was published in 1849. The idea behind this essay was that of self-reliance, and how one is in morally good standing as long as one can â€Å"get off another man’s back.† The essay also stated that someone should not have to physically fight the government, but one must not support it. Civil disobedience can also be distinguished from other active forms of protest, such as rioting because of its passivity and non-violence. This essay has had a wide influence on many later practitioners of civil disobedience. Henry David Thoreau protested the Mexican-American War and paying taxes, but his essay led to other protests as well. Mohandas K. Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. found Thoreau’s essay very inspiring. Thoreau believed morality is more important than legality as shown below: â€Å"Must a citizen . . . resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience, then? I think that we should be men first, and subjects afterward. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right.† Gandhi found guidance in Thoreau’s words and freed India from British rule. Martin Luther King Jr. also used Thoreau’s words to oppose racial  segregation in the south of the United States of America. Both of these men used nonviolent strategies to secure the rights of people not being treated equally especially in a white-dominated societies. These two men dedicated their lives to the cause of freedom. Gandhi and King became towering figures in modern history because they took Thoreau’s words and learned from it. Gandhi and King were both assassinated because they challenged old prejudices and sought a better way of life for oppressed people. Civil disobedience was exercised by Mahatma Gandhi while the struggle for independence in India continued in the twentieth century. Civil disobedience was also practiced by some members of the civil rights movement in the United States, notably Martin Luther King, Jr., to challenge segregation of public facilities; a common tactic of these civil rights supporters was the sit-in. King defended the use of civil disobedience in his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† Human rights activists have often challenged unfair social policies or business practices. Their methods are nonviolent and may include a variety of marches, rallies, and demonstrations. Instead of fighting back when force is used against them, activists meet that force with passive resistance. In every case, the goal is to dramatize injustice in as public a manner as possible. The activists began the crusade by breaking laws that separated people by race. Some examples are sit-ins at lunch counters, lining up at whites-only counters, and refused to sit in the rear â€Å"colored† section of the city buses. Hundreds went to jail for these actions, but the protests were never stopped. India went through the same type of dedication and hard times for its independence that the activists that followed Martin Luther King Jr. had gone through for equal rights. As leader of the movement, Mohandas K. Gandhi was firmly committed to nonviolence. Gandhi believed it was not just a tactic for achieving social change; it was a way of life. That is why Gandhi is so well remembered. Gandhi called Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† essay â€Å"a masterly treatise† which â€Å"left a deep impression on me.† Later on Gandhi became unsatisfied with the term â€Å"passive resistance.† He noted,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"In a meeting of Europeans I found that the term â€Å"passive resistance† was too narrowly construed, that it was supposed to be a weapon of the weak, that it could be characterized by hatred, and that it could finally [show] itself as violence† Gandhi was so determined to make a change; he put out a call for suggestions for a new word to describe the Indian struggle. The eventual result was satyagraha, which combines â€Å"truth† and â€Å"firmness.† This implies that resistance to evil and injustice is active rather than just passive. Nonviolence and passivity were finally recognized as not being the same thing. Gandhi’s special gift was his ability to use spiritual methods to achieve political goals, using his moral authority to oppose many forms of injustice. He not only took on the British Empire in the cause of political freedom, he also challenged the Hindu caste system in the cause of human equality. Also, he led a protest against the British salt tax in India. He marched to the ocean and making salt illegally, then encouraged the equally illegal sale of untaxed salt all over India. Activities like these gave him the title Mahatma, meaning â€Å"great soul.† In time that title replaced his name because of the powerful leader he was. Martin Luther King Jr. was a seminary student when he became aware of Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence. King was on a quest that he described as â€Å"a serious intellectual quest for a method to eliminate social evil.† He found this in a sermon by Dr. Mordecal Johnson, president of Howard University. King stated, â€Å"Dr. Johnson had just returned from a trip to India, and, to my great interest, he spoke of the life and teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. His message was so profound and electrifying that I left the meeting and bought half dozen books on Gandhi’s life and works.† Gandhi’s work led King’s first bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. On December 1, 1955, an African-American seamstress was seated in the back â€Å"colored section† of a crowded city bus. A man later came on the bus and could not find any other seats and asked the seamstress to move. This remarkable woman was Rosa Parks refusing to move and was promptly arrested.  This finally was the last straw for the people in Montgomery; King determined that the time was finally right. Martin Luther King Jr. and those who followed him knew that this ending was the beginning of a much larger struggle for true equality. It would be long and it would be difficult. Some people would grow impatient of the nonviolent actions and would want to end up fighting back, but this was the time to determine their real strength. King said, â€Å"The false impression. . . . the resister quietly and passively accepts evil. But nothing is further from the truth. . . The method is passive physically, strongly active spiritually. It is not passive nonresistance to evil, is active nonviolent resistance to evil.† The â€Å"active nonviolent resistance† that won the day in Montgomery would be severely tested when it faced the racism and bigotry that created those laws in the first place. That struggle would continue into the 1960s and beyond. As the world evolved the 1960s became an act of civil disobedience also known as the activist sixties which is remembered as a time of social disturbance and change in the United States. Minority groups demanded equal rights and poor people sought a way out of their poverty. The activism fell short of saving the world, but it did produce important gains for human rights. African Americans moved closer to true social equality. The most ambitious antipoverty program in American history was created. The Supreme Court created new legal safeguards for individual rights. In the United States, the African American civil rights movement blazed a trail of activism that others would follow. By the end of the 1950s, African-American activists had learned that changing the law was not enough. Somebody had to take the risk of putting those changes into practice. African American students had to enroll in previously all-white schools. African-American customers had to sit down at â€Å"white† lunch counters and wait to be served. Also, African-American voters had to register and then go to the polls on Election Day. In 1960 sympathetic whites and African-Americans that were tired of the segregation formed a committee named the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to promote equality. The crusade for racial equality captured the imagination of many young people. On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people assembled at the Lincoln Memorial. Martin Luther King Jr., delivered the speech that was to become one of the most memorable orations in American history. A third of the people were white sympathizers of the African-American people. He delivered the speech â€Å"I have a dream† which moved people to fight for equality for everyone, it also became known as the â€Å"Movement† because it gathered momentum after the march on Washington. Human rights play an important role for civil disobedience. There were so many nonviolent protests because before the 20th century not everyone’s rights were being protected and being given equally. Due to Gandhi, King, and Thoreau they taught people in later generations to stand up for what is right. Now, women have the right to vote and children are treated equal and have been given rights. The right to privacy is one of the most important rights us as the people have, which due to technology is making our privacy less personal and able to be seen through closed doors. People are waiting for actions to be taken to make programs on the internet and personal information more secure. Civil disobedience is still around today; due to Henry David Thoreau, Martin Luther King Jr., and Mahatma Gandhi being the first men to provoke boycotting, not paying taxes, and any other type of nonviolent resistance. These three men showed people that â€Å"taking a stand† and protesting the government could be done without violence. Many people were thrown in jail, but none of the people that followed Thoreau’s words or Gandhi’s and King’s actions were for violence. They learned to find patience in the work they did knowing that they did not have to physically fight the government, but they must not support it. Citations Axelsen, K. L. (1995, Spring). Problems of punitive damages for political protest and civil disobedience. Environmental Law, 25(2), 495-511. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA17093286&v=2.1&u=nm_s_ratonhs&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Civil Disobedience. (2010). The Hotline. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA227491783&v=2.1&u=nm_s_ratonhs&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Lopach, J. J., & Luckowski, J. A. (2005). Uncivil disobedience: violating the rules for breaking the law. Education Next, 5(2), 38+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA130276023&v=2.1&u=nm_s_ratonhs&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Bronwlee, K. (2007, January 4). Civil disobedience. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-disobedience/ Thoreau, H. (1993). Civil disobedience and other essays. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. Altman, L. (2002). Human rights: Issues for a new millenium. Chicago: Dover Publications, Inc.

Internet Advertising

What is internet ad? Internet advertising is a way of marketing services or products on the World Wide Web. This can be done through search engine optimization, banner ads, affiliate marketing, email marketing, SEM marketing and Web 2. 0 strategies. It is also known as Internet marketing, eMarketing, web marketing and online marketing. Internet advertising allows a product or service to quickly reach a global audience. A major advantage is that Internet advertising is usually far cheaper than advertising through more traditional means such as newspapers, radio or television.To better answer the question, â€Å"What is Internet advertising? †, we need to first look at all the ways which it can take place. +) Affiliate Marketing – This occurs when one website runs ads for another (usually larger) site. If a visitor to the site clicks on the ad, he’ll be taken to the other site to make a purchase. If a transaction occurs, the site hosting the ad (known as an affilia te) will receive a commission on the sale. This allows smaller sites to make money by associating with larger sites such as Netflix, AllPosters and Amazon. +) Lead-based Websites – Sales leads are generated from a company’s website.The company then follows up (usually via phone) in order to make a sale. +) E-commerce – The direct sale of goods to a consumer. Amazon would be an example of an online company that employs the e-commerce method. +) Publishing – A website sells advertising space, much in the same way that a newspaper or magazine would do so. Geo Marketing Internet advertising has advanced so far that online businesses can even designate ads to appear based on the user’s state, city, zip code or IP address. This is known as geo marketing (or geo targeting).In the distant future, one has to wonder if this form of marketing won’t be tailored specifically to the person logging on to the Internet. In some ways, this is already a realit y, as many advertisements are designed to appear based on the keywords entered by the user into a search engine. Specific Clientele So what is Internet advertising? and how does internet advertising work? Well, besides allowing a company to specifically target a user based on search engine phrases and geographical location, Internet advertising can also allow a business to focus on a specific clientele. For example, let’s ay you own a company which sells tents. If you run a print or television advertisement, your message will be viewed by many people who have no interest in your product. With the Internet, however, you can place ads on sites specifically geared towards your potential clients. Sites involving camping or the outdoors allow you to directly target those who might need to buy a tent. While it doesn’t guarantee a sale, Internet advertising does allow you to narrow your focus and get the most for your advertising dollar. Continued Growth Internet advertising can be tracked and tested in ways unavailable to regular methods of advertising.This allows the advertiser to immediately know what works and what doesn’t. For this reason, Internet advertising is the faster growing form of marketing. Disadvantage of Internet Marketing Many consumers like to be able to physically touch or see a product before they buy it. Others may have a dial-up connection and be unable to view all available advertising. Both of these are disadvantages of Internet marketing, although they will most likely disappear in the coming decades. Security is also a concern for many consumers. Everyone has heard horror stories about people having their identities stolen after making a purchase on the Internet.While most of these stories are exaggerated, all major Internet businesses have responded by installing state-of-the-art encryption systems to protect sensitive customer information. Summary of Internet Advertising What is Internet advertising? It’s a way for retailers to advertise products and services online. Ads can target people with particular hobbies or interests, or they can even focus on customers in a specific country or state. The success of an Internet advertising campaign is easier to track, and numerous methods are available to businesses.

More Than Just an Argument Essay

Argumentative essay assignments are useful learning tools for helping students to both understand key concepts and in helping students to think critically. † Module 3 Case Assignment Nassal R. Braimbridge Trident University If you have ever attended college at some point you have had to write an argumentative essay. It is used to convey your thoughts, insights, and point of view to an audience in an attempt to persuade them. Extensive research is required to provide the facts and evidence required to support your argument and diminish your opposition’s argument. Argumentative essay assignments are useful tools for helping students to both understand key concepts and in helping students to think critically. This is due to the fact that creating an argumentative essay requires a lot of thinking and analysis. When most people think of an argument, it is thought of as a being something negative but according to David H. Jonassen and Bosung Kim (2010) â€Å"Meaningful learning requires deep engagement with ideas. Deep Engagement is supported by the critical thinking skills of argumentation. ’ They also stated that â€Å"Learning to argue represents an important way of thinking that facilitates conceptual change and is essential for problem solving. † This is impart to the fact that you are using the art of persuasion, rhetoric to sell your point of view to the reader, which requires a substantial amount of facts and evidence to validate your claims and enhance the level of trust that the reader has for both you and your opinion. A well written argumentative essay will present a strong claim and can appeal to the most resistant audience. This is achieved with the application of logic, reasoning and strategic analysis. In depth research coupled with a little creativity and some confidence are also necessary. In doing this you develop critical thinking skills which is defined by Michael Scriven and Richard Paul (1987) as â€Å"the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. They also stated that â€Å"In its exemplary form, it is based on universal intellectual values that transcend subject matter divisions: clarity, accuracy, precision, consistency, relevance, sound evidence, good reasons, depth, breadth, and fairness. † One of the functions of higher education is to teach students how to think and a god way to do this is through argumentation. Debate as a teaching tool, has a place in pedagogical methods because it allows students to enhance critical thinking through investigating arguments, engaging in research, gathering information, performing analysis, assessing arguments, questioning assumptions, and demonstrating interpersonal skills. Initially, the researcher used debate in a Science, Technology, and Society course as a tool to introduce an experimental learning opportunity. The main objective of the course was to use a selection of modern topics in science and technology to increase communication and critical thinking. Debate was a natural fit for the course because the topic were tied to current events, and students were allowed to critically analyze a controversial topic while practicing other competencies like writing, presenting information and higher level thinking (Scott, S. 2009). Writing an argumentative essay also helps to improve conceptual understanding, as you have to put yourself in not only the shoes of your opponent but the shoes of your audience as well. This means anticipating any questions or concerns they might express and addressing them, it also gives you the opportunity to refute any arguments your opponent may have. In doing this you will be analyzing your supporting statements, determining the reason why someone would disagree with each point and what part of the issue concerns them the most. At the same time is also developing your solving skills as you trouble shoot problem before they occur and prepare for them. Argumentative essay assignments are useful learning useful learning tools. They foster the development of students’ critical thinking skills their conceptual understanding and problem solving abilities. It promotes creativity and confidence while improving students’ writing skills. A student’s rhetorical skills are also developed along with their presentation skills when they complete argumentative essay assignments. Work Cited Jonassen, D. , Kim, B. , (2010). Arguing to learn and learning to argue: design justifications and guidelines. Educational Technology Research ; Development. 58(4). 39-458. Scott, S. (2009). Perceptions of students’ learning critical thinking through debate in a technology classroom: A case study. Journal of Technology Studies. 34(1): 39-45. Michael Scriven, Richard Paul (1987). Critical Thinking as Defined by the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking. Retrieved from: http://www. criticalthinking. org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 Purdue Online Writing Lab (2011). Argumentative Essay. Retrieved from: http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/685/05/

Recommendations and strategic message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recommendations and strategic message - Essay Example Goldenberg (103) says that the service process in the service organization revolves around the customers. The process commences when the customer interacts with the system and is completed when the customer exists the system. The Service processes at the Straits begins with the customer entering the restaurant, the customer is then led to the dining table, before he reviews the menu. After reviewing the menu, the customer should place the order, the meal is then prepared before it is served to the customer. The customer is finally expected to pay the bill after eating the meal and before exiting the restaurant. In the process of serving the guest, the servers and the hostess at the restaurant should give the customers personalized attention though warm reception, provision of enough utensils, serving guest with beverages and water besides being attentive to any other needs of the guests. It is worth noting that the customer should experience satisfaction as he is taken through each of these stages of service process at the restaurant (Goldenberg 102). The satisfaction will be experienced through personalized attention from the servers and the hosts who are expected to be welcoming, attentive, and responding fast to the demands of the customers. a) The issue: the major issue at straits is that the hostess are not at the podium at all times to greet the guest besides acting unprofessionally. The primary data shows that the hostess were not available to greet the guests 60% of the time. c) Reasons for service improvement recommendations: 1). the customers have a bad attitude about Straits-most guest said that the hostess were unprofessional in the way they serve guest 2). Poor division of labor-for instance, some hostess were serving guests yet that is the role of servers, 3). Slow action- for instance the hostess have to reminded several times to attend to the guests. d) Recommendations: the objective of the recommendations is to

The study of motivation in consumers which stimulates them to purchase Literature review

The study of motivation in consumers which stimulates them to purchase luxury goods despite the steep and increasing price - Literature review Example Again during 2004-2007, when the luxury industry was expanding and emerging into other markets, the CAGR was 8 percent (Amatulli and Guido, 2011). The growth of luxury goods market was caused by two important factors. Firstly the economic growth all throughout the world has lead to the creation of new class of rich people (Vigneron and Johnson, 2004) and secondly, the increase in the demand and range of products of luxury goods (Silverstein and Fiske, 2003). However, the sales of luxury goods were predicted to ease in 2013 due to the lower growth rate in China and subdued spending in Europe (Reuters, 2013; Wendlandt and Binnie, 2013). The sales are expected to hover around 4 to 5 percent as compared to the 5 percent sales in the year 2012 (Bain & Company, 2013). It is also expected that the revenue generated from the luxury market will rise 50 percent faster than the global GDP and the annual average growth rate will be around 5 to 6 percent in the year 2015 (Bain & Company, 2013). T he four main categories that come under luxury goods are Jewellery and watches Spirits and wines Cosmetics and perfume Fashion that includes accessories, ready-to-wear and couture (Jackson, 2004). Recently some other categories were also added like airlines, home furnishing, private banking, tourism, hotels and luxury automobiles (Chevalier and Mazzalovo, 2008). Fashion luxury goods include perfume, jewellery, watches, shoes, handbags, accessories and apparels, the display or use of which only brings prestige for the owner and functional utility takes a back seat (Vigneron and Johnson, 2004). Some of the research scholars have previously tried to highlight on the profile of the buyer and understand the reason behind the consumption of luxury goods (Dubois, Czellar and Laurent, 2005; Husic and Cicic, 2009; Summers, Belleau and Xu 2006; Wiedmann, Hennigs and Siebels, 2007). Some others have focused on the role of brand in the consumption of luxury products (Fionda and Moore, 2009; Kap ferer and Bastien, 2009; O’Cass and Frost, 2002; Phau and Prendergast, 2000; Tsai, 2005). More specifically Vigneron and Johnson (1999, cited by Amatulli and Guido, 2011) has focused on the presence of interpersonal and personal motives behind the consumption of luxury goods. In this section the focus is on luxury branding, pricing and issues that influences buying behaviour. 2.2 Meaning of luxury The word luxury has been derived from the Latin word â€Å"luxus†, which signifies the pleasure of senses irrespective of cost. Vigneron and Johnson (2004) have created a framework that consists of five components, which provides the meaning of luxury. High quality is associated with luxury goods, which is perceived as a fundamental attribute. Quality signifies craftsmanship, utility, sophistication, technology, design and material etc. Origin and tradition of the product along with the perceived superiority and excellence of the products acts as the reassuring factors which is a motivating factor for the customers who are buying any luxury goods. Semiotics of luxury has identified hedonistic value, which signifies the emotional responses linked to the consumption of luxury goods like excitement, sensory gratification and aesthetic beauty. Consumption is about the experience and feeling of pleasure that the consumer gets from the ownership of the goods like self-indulgence, fulfilment and personal reward. Conspicuous is another value attached with the consumption o

Bump Guards Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bump Guards Research - Essay Example Bumper Guards are wrapped around individual rails. Thus they avoid the problem of suffocation by letting the air in through the crib rails. Consumers show a positive response to the product.100% of consumers showed willingness to buy the product and accessories along with it. All consumers showed an awareness and knowledge of SIDS syndrome. 10% of consumers suggested that we circulate a pamphlet to educate parents on the dangers of SIDS.10% wished for illustrations of product (patterns and colors) and accessories available with it. Nearly all consumers opted for Velcro fasteners as the best option. All consumers were pleased with the machine wash feature. Preferences for color and patterns differed with consumers wanting pastel shades, Disney and farm animals patterns etc. Average price of the product was pegged at 25$ with a low of 12$ and a high of 50$ maximum. The above research indicates that Bumper Guards is an extremely viable product. Marketed properly with matching accessories and by educating parents about its success in SIDS and injury prevention the product can be a huge success. Prices must be kept down to an affordable range from 20$ upwards according to pattern. Different patterns and colors must be easily available to satisfy the consumer. Material straps are not popular so this option can be discontinued. Velcro and machine wash features are most popular and must be built upon. Easy installation, convenient washability and an affordable price makes for an innovative and potentially successful product. Bumper Guards is a great alternative to the traditional crib bumpers which are a threat to infant mortality and a provide relief to concerned parents. 8. Would you (consumer) be attracted to this product if it were available in a variety of patterns and styles? Yes ____ No ____. What types of patterns and styles would you like to decorate your baby’s nursery

Integrated Marketing Communications Management of Red Bull Essay

Integrated Marketing Communications Management of Red Bull - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that private label market is steadily expanding the world over. In the USA, the private labels have also been growing at a significant rate. Although the growth is relatively slower in gaining the market foothold in comparison to the European nations such as in Britain and Portugal. Since 2003 the private label in the United States has increased by about 60%, compared to 23% growth rate for the overall US retail drinks and food industry. As a result, the percentage of the market value that the private labels account for is19% up from about 15% in 2003. Red Bull Canadian market share is approximately 50% and the sales are about $ 22 million. The annual retail revenue is $ 44 million. Red bull manufacture distributes and markets its products in over 120 countries worldwide with a global profit sales amounting to $2 billion per year. The US market share is estimated 46% with a retail sales turnover of $US248 million. In the beverage market, Re d Bull has a tremendous success that earns it to be a brand leader in the industry. The company sees itself as an â€Å"anti-brand† company receiving unrelenting praise from its loyal customers. In addition, Red Bull sponsors numerous sports events, teams, and sportsmen such as the current sponsorship of World Car, Rally Championships, and world motorsport competitions. In these competitions, Red Bull sponsors three teams namely Red Bull Racing, Scuderia Toro and Rosso Racing all of which Red Bull is the highest owner.

Entamoeba histolytica Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entamoeba histolytica - Essay Example This disease spreads rapidly in highly populated places that lack the basic facilities of sanitation and hygiene and is thus more common in the still developing or under developed countries. Classification of any organism depends on its external and internal characteristics and taxonomy is a branch that deals with this classification. Cellular organisms can be classified into two groups- the eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The eukaryotes again can be divided into four basic types or kingdoms. As Sleigh (1991) frames it â€Å"Animalia or multicellular animals (Parazoa, Mesozoa and Metazoa), Plantae or green land plants (Bryophyta and Tracheophyta), Fungi ..and Protista, comprising eukaryote groups formerly classed as algae, protozoa and flagellate fungi†( Sleigh, 1991). The sub kingdom protozoa are not much in use nowadays. Protozoan refers to heterotrophic, unicellular and microscopic protists that can perform functions similar to that of multicellular animals and E. histolytica falls under this protozoan sub kingdom. Like any other Protista its cellular membranes are made of lipoprotein. Its order is amoebida as like any other amoeba it possesses pseudopodia and a f ree flowing cytoplasm that can move into any form of cellular projections often carrying the contractile and food vacuole into the projections. This parasitic protozoan forms a part of the genus entamoeba. The species name of histolytica refers to its highly pathogenic nature, histo-lytic or that which causes destruction of cells and tissues. Thus its taxonomic classification can be outlined as: E.histolytica is a single celled anaerobic eukaryote. However under the electron microscope it is seen that it lacks many of the cellular organelles that are present in other eukaryotic organisms. They lack the golgi bodies, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria and the microtubules. It was

Do Structure Matter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Do Structure Matter - Research Paper Example In the New Yorker magazine, the designer shared the readers’ position to understand the much-needed topical matters. Additionally, the New Yorker designers attain customers’ attention by using letters and words that enhance connection, employing the use of challenging language and unbelievable revelations and statements that attract readers’ attention. The designer here therefore steps into the shoes of New Yorker Magazine readers to enable bring out their specific needs that would attract and retain their attention to the content of the magazine. The large bold typeface used help communicate the significance of a heading therefore improving readers attention. The different segments running at the top parts communicate the relevance of each topic covered from books, fiction, daily comments among other headings in bold typeface. The magazine avoids excess use of decorative typeface. However much these have a potential of attracting customers, they may make the magazine hard to read through. This would then push readers to other easier, words, and letterforms in the magazine. This little use of decoration improves readers’ attention and retains their concentration to the contents they read (Jessica & Carolyn, 2007). New Yorker magazine achieve tone and texture in its design through integrating lines of type, words and letterforms. Additionally, it makes good use of weight, line spacing, letter spacing and typeface to attain readers’ attention to the content of the magazine. These design quality enhances brightness and density of type that moderates tone and texture in the magazine. Tone and textures determine an order in which readers go through a text. Putting the main topic in bold and coloring of parts of the text makes them more attractive and appealing to readers irrespective of their relevance (Knight & Glaser, 2013). The magazine uses multiple fonts that prove

Hinduism Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism - Research Paper Example Hinduism basically is a term which had been given to represent the majority of people who lived in subcontinent in 16th century. Apparently, Hinduism might be appearing as a unifying system of all the people and caste following Hindi deities but in reality it is a term that had been assigned to the list of beliefs which Hindus had. Different traditional aspects could be studied and observed while researching regarding Hinduism. As more and more research one would conduct regarding Hinduism, the more patterns and traditional statement would come to elaboration. Considering that Hinduism lacks a unifying system, a number of differing ideologies and casts together combine to form Hindu religion. The religion itself reaches to severity of positivity and negativity. Like every other religion, Hinduism or in other words, Dharma is also responsible to shape the lives of its followers. People in the fold of Hindu religion confer their sincerity and faith to about 330 million deities. According to differing beliefs, each deity has numerous disguise which are attained for the purpose of betterment or punishment of hinds. The fruit or punishment is given on the basis of deeds of Hindus (Flood, 1996). The vibrant amount of deities, differing ideologies and countless disguise together make up Hindu religion which is then represented with the term Hinduism. A very interesting fact to note in terms of Hinduism is that this religion had been greatly shaped by the traditions of the area or region where it bestowed its ancient marks of divinity. The mark of Hinduism is considered to be India because most of their noble places of divinity for pilgrimage lie in the area. Many societal and cultural aspects have made Hinduism vital to India. The cultural influences that made Hinduism a vital religion to India are the traditions, norms and customs that are being followed even now in the present

Process Essay How to Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process How to - Essay Example Next, once you have understood what kind of job you would be working in, researching on the different operation you will have to perform as a part of the job would be helpful, since the interview questions could bear direct or indirect relevance to the job profile. It would of great significance, to conduct a research no the company or organisation you would be working for, since you need to ensure and convince the interviewer that the mission statement fo the company coincides with your personal aim; and that a combination of the two can be of great use, mutually. Once you have done the background research, it's time you get into the groove, and reserahc on some FAQs at interviews. Numerous websites and books these days offer questions that are most often asked. Consecutive rounds in an interview could be different. For instance you could have a simulation round or a telephonic conversation round. This requires you to be spontaneous, simple and creative. It is the safest bet to be completely thorough with one's resume and be prepared for questions based on your job experiences or qualifications. Putting forth false claims no t he resume is a complete no-no, since questions on them could bowl you over! Good command over your communication, both verbal and non-verbal, is a must. Besides this, a grasp on the current affairs could be very useful as well. All said and done, we all know that exams can either be a nightmarish experience or a cakewalk, depending upon the official who sets the question paper! The same formula applies to an interview setup; the progress in your interview depends on your interviewer. Like some stereotypes that we come across in our daily lives, a close assessment on the different kinds of interviewers can leave you surprised! You simply need to prepare your interaction, on the basis of these stereotypic interviewers and lo, your job is done! Here are a few typical interviewers whom you are likely to come across in a number of interviews. The lets-talk-Business type This is the kind of interviewer, who is typically serious and jumps direct to the point. You can spot him weighing options and thinking pensively regarding his decision-making. He questions you about your past work experiences, the role you have played at your previous job, your skill-sets and the like. He does not start of by conversing or small-talk, and rather tackles all that he wants to, right away! In order to tackle this serious interviewer, take care to answer to-the-point and keep your answers informative and substantially rounded and clear. Do stress on the fact that you would be an asset for the organisation and show enough proof, to support that statement! The Simulating Brainy type He is the interviewer who conjures situations and trying circumstances and rather

Fast food restaurant Essay Example for Free

Fast food restaurant Essay Introduction: Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with low quality preparation and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. History: The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development. In ancient Rome cities had street stands that sold bread and wine. A fixture of East Asian cities is the noodle shop. Flatbread and falafel are today ubiquitous in the Middle East. Popular Indian fast food dishes include vada pav, panipuri and dahi vada. In the French-speaking nations of West Africa, roadside stands in and around the larger cities continue to Sell—as they have done for generations—a range of ready-to-eat, char grilled. Meat sticks known locally as brochettes. Market size and major players †¢Dominated by McDonalds having as many as 123 outlets. †¢Domino’s pizza is present in around 274 locations. †¢Pizza hut is also catching up and it has planned to establish 147 outlets at the end of 2009. †¢Subways have established around 145 outlets. †¢Nirula’s is established in Delhi and Northern India. However, it claims to cater 50,000 guests every day. It has future expansion plans for more than 50 outlets every year, for next three years. Major players in fast food †¢McDonalds 132 outlets †¢KFC 72 outlets †¢Pizza hut 147 outlets †¢Dominos Pizza 274 outlets †¢Cafe Coffee Day 833 outlets †¢Barista 200 outlets Fast food contains high amount of †¢Calories †¢Saturated Fat †¢Carbohydrates †¢Sugar †¢Sodium †¢Proteins Why do people eat it? ?Quick and Easy ?Tastes good ?Provides satiety and comfort? It’s everywhere Dual Income families ?Work day-away from home ?Shifts in Traditional Food habits ?High income urban dwellers ?Variety of choice of foods ?Home delivery, take-away restaurants, American chains INDIA EMERGING MARKET FOR GLOBAL PLAYERS The percentage share held by foodservice of total consumer expenditure on food has increased from a very low base drastically. Eating at home remains very much ingrained in Indian culture and changes in eating habits are very slow moving with barriers to eating out entrenched in certain sectors of Indian society. The growth in nuclear families, particularly in urban India has decreased drastically. India, exposure to global media and Western cuisine and an increasing number of women joining the workforce have had an impact on eating out trends. Major players of fast food in India †¢ Mc Donalds †¢ KFC †¢ Pizza hut †¢ Dominos Pizza †¢ Coffee day †¢ Barista Kentucky Fried Chicken About the Company KFC Corporation, or KFC, founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC is a brand and operating segment, called a concept of Yum! Brands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo as Tricon Global Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of roasted chicken products, side dishes and desserts. Outside North America, KFC offers beef based products such as hamburgers or kebabs, pork based products such as ribs and other regional fare. The company was founded as Kentucky Fried Chicken by Colonel Harland Sanders in 1952, Menu items. KFCs specialty is fried chicken served in various forms. KFCs primary product is pressure-fried pieces of chicken made with original recipe. The other chicken offering, extra crispy, is made using a garlic marinade and double dipping the chicken in flour before deep frying in a standard industrial kitchen type machine. Kentucky Grilled Chicken This marinated grilled chicken is targeted towards health-conscious customers. It features marinated breasts, thighs, drumsticks,and wings that are coated with the Original Recipe seasonings before being grilled. It has less fat, calories, and sodium than the Original Recipe fried chicken. Nutritional value KFC formerly used partially hydrogenated oil in its fried foods. This oil contains relatively high levels of trans fat, which increases the risk of heart disease. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) filed a court case against KFC, with the aim of making it use other types of oils or make sure customers know about Trans fat content immediately before they buy food. Advertising One of KFCs latest advertisements is a commercial advertising its wicked crunch box meal. The commercial features a fictional black metal band called Hellvetica performing live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC eating the wicked crunch box meal and saying Oh man that is hot. In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literature and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage. KFC Business Strategy KFC fast-food chains are currently under the restaurant division of PepsiCo Incorporated. Some major threats include the changing attitudes of society toward healthier eating habits, KFC has more than 9,800 outlets located in 77 countries. In marketing, KFC restaurants are not restricted from locating within close proximity of other KFC restaurants. There are two alternative strategies for KFC. The first strategy involves keeping PepsiCo beverage division and snack foods division together, and a divestiture of PepsiCo restaurant division; selling Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC. MC Donald’s About the company: McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 31,000 local restaurants serving more than 58 million people in 118 countries each day. More than 75% of McDonalds restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. The strong foundation that he built continues today with McDonalds vision and the commitment of our talented executives to keep the shine on McDonalds Arches for years to come. To read more about McDonalds history, vision and executives, click on their links in the left menu. We drive our business momentum by focusing on what matters most to customers. Our owner/operators, suppliers and employees work together to meet customer needs in uniquely McDonalds ways. The powerful combination of entrepreneurial spirit and System wide alignment around our Plan to Win enables us to execute the best ideas with both large-scale efficiency and local flair. Products McDonalds predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken sandwiches and products, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items,and desserts. In most markets, McDonalds offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. Portugal is the only country with McDonalds restaurants serving soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia). Advertising. McDonalds has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the companys advertising strategy. To date, McDonalds has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns. PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRY I. Environmental friendly products cost high: Government is legislating laws in order to keep check on the fast food industry and it is emphasizing more on the usage of bio-degradable and environment friendly products. But associated with this issue is the problem that fast food player faces the cost associated with the environment friendly product. They cost much higher than the normal products that companies uses for packaging or wrapping their products. II. Balance between societal expectation and companies economic Objectives: To balance a society’s expectation regarding environment with the economic burden of protecting the environment. Thus, one can see that one side pushes for higher standards and other side tries to beat the standard back, thereby making it a arm wrestling and mind boggling exercise. Health related issues: obesity I. Studies have shown that a typical fast food has very high density and food with high density causes people to eat more then they usually need. II. Low calories food: Emphasis is now more on low calorie food. In this line McDonald has a plan to introduce all white meat chicken. Mcnuugget is with less fat and fewer calories. Swot analysis of fast food industry Strengths †¢Quick service †¢Affordable †¢AttractionWeakness †¢Different preferences †¢Lack of customization †¢Unhygienic and unhealthy Opportunities †¢Growing nuclear families †¢Growing urban lifestyleThreats †¢Oppositions from various organization †¢Location †¢Ready-to eat †¢Health concerns ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION 1. How often do you use fast-food services? a. Daily b. Weekly c. Fortnightly d. Monthly 2. Which fast food restaurant would prefer? a. McDonalds b. KFC c. Pizza Hut d. Subway 3. What are the reasons for eating fast food? (You can tick more than 1) a. Appearance of products b. Price of the products c. Flavor of products d. Convenience of the products 4. What else do you buy when purchasing fast food’? a. Carbonated (fizzy) drinks b. Coffee, tea c. Ice cream d. Crushers 5. What time would you normally buy fast food? a. Before 12 pm b. Between 12-3 pm c. Between 6-9 pm d. 10pm or later.

The Kite Runner Religion Theme

The Kite Runner Religion Theme Introduction My object of study is The Kite Runner a novel by Khaled Hosseini, published by Riverhead Books in USA, 2003. The novel was adapted into a film in 2007 by the same name of The Kite Runner. Khaled Hosseini was born on 4th March 1965 in Kabul, Afghanistan. His father worked for Afghan Foreign Ministry, and his mother was a teacher of Farsi and History. When Soviets occupied Afghanistan in 1978, the Hosseini family seek political asylum in the United States of America (USA) and moved to San Jose, California. Where Hosseini graduated from High School, and earned biology degree from Santa Clara University. He attended SanDiegos School of Medicine and completed his MD in 1993. He started writing The Kite Runner in 2001 while he was a practicing physician1. Hosseiniis Kite Runner is partly based on his childhood experiences in Wazir Akbar Khan in Kabul. While most of the events in the novel are fictional. After living 27 years in USA he returned to Afghanistan in 2003 and was shocked to discover the terrible situation there, even when he had written a very realistic and detailed fictional narrative of it. He declared that because of luck and material privilege, he and his fam ily was saved from the Soviets and the Taliban, much like his central figure of the narrative Amir. The rationale for choosing this novel is that it encourages the reader for repentance, and offers hope in devastation. It is a story of friendship and betrayal, love and sacrifices, written beautifully by Hosseini, against the background of Afghan political history. Background Afghanistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Its economy is based on agriculture and provides 70% of worlds opium and 90% of Europes heroin, but still one of the poorest countries. Among its 28 million people, 50% of men are illiterate and 79% of women. Life expectancy here is 47 years. The country has a long history of foreign interference by the Greeks, Persians, Turks, British, Indians and Russians. Talibans began as a group of fundamentalist Islamic students, were the last intruders until 2001 when Americans occupied and dismissed them. Because of all these intruders, there was a great diversity of culture and ethnicity in the country. Afghanistan divided into approximately 20 different ethnic groups, which further divided into tribes 2. It is inevitable to have conflicts between different groups while living in the same country, because of differences in their morals and beliefs. In Kite Runner Hosseinis main character Amir is a Pashtun and Hassan, is a Hazara the two groups do not get along in Afghanistan. According to Hosseini two things separate Hazaras from other ethnicities, one is that their looks are different, because they are the descendants of Mongol Empire and secondly, they are Shia Muslims, unlike most Afghans who are Sunni Muslims. Hazaras throughout the centuries have been the oppressed minority in Afghanistan. The Kite Runner acquires its name from the ancient game of kite flying known as gudi paran bazi. Boys make fighter kites from a bamboo frame together with tissue paper in different sizes ranging from one to five feet across. They attach the string to the kite which is coated with powdered ground glass. The goal of the fight is to cut the opponents kite string with a sawing motion. The real fight starts as soon as the enemys kite subsides and all wait impatiently to see who will get the fallen kite, as the kite is a symbol of their pride and glory.  3 Hosseini symbolises the kite fighting to the fighting between Afghan government and Mujahidin, whose hands were blooded and bruised, in the same way as does the hands of kite flyer when the kites string sears through his hands. Another way in which kite flying symbolises with the story of Amir and Hassan is the class difference between them, as the boy who controls the kite is Amir (Pashtun), and the other who assists him and run for the fallen kite for him is Hassan (Hazara), who also served Amir by cleaning and washing for him. Although, the kite fighting is violent but the only act of flying kite is innocent and depicts freedom. Despite their class differences the only activity which brings the two boys together is flying kites.   The Kite Runner  is the story of the friendship between two boys grew up in Kabul, Raised in the same household and shared the same wet nurse, Amir and Hassan grew up in different worlds: Amir is the son of a prominent and wealthy man, whil e Hassan, the son of Amirs fathers servant, is a Hazara an outcast ethnic minority. The two boys were very much attached to each other in their childhood and spend perfect time together by telling stories, running and flying kites, until that event happened which changed their lives forever. Their lives and their fates were interrelated, even when Amir and his father left the country for a new life in California, Amir thinks that he will forget Hassan, but surprisingly he couldnt. It is a story of Amir, his childhood, how he faces all the challenges while maturing into manhood, his friendship with Hassan, love and hate, father sons bonding and on the top, about the price one has to pay for his loyalty and betrayal. Representation of Religion The novel of Kite Runner is set in Afghanistan, where the majority of the population are Muslim and there are lot of references to Muslims and their beliefs in the novel. For example, the 10th day of Dhul-Hijjah, the last month of the Muslim calendar, and the first three days of Eid-ul-Adha, or Eid-e-Qorban, as Afghans call it a day to celebrate how the prophet Ibrahim almost sacrificed his own son for God. Baba has handpicked the sheep again this year, a powder white one with crooked black ears. (p 67) As Hayes S. Judi (2007) writes, Hosseinis view point is in many ways secular, when it is religious; the perspective is from an Islamic world view, not a Judeo- Christian perspective. But because Islam, Judaism, and Christianity hold in common at least some of events in the book of Genesis in the Hebrew bible, we will find much there that informs our reading of THE KITE RUNNER. Religion can be interpreted differently by different people according to their own values and beliefs. Same is the case in Hosseinis Kite Runner. Religion in the eyes of Baba (Amir Father) is morality, pride, honour and courage, and in order to be human one has to gain honour and respect in his community. Example of his pride and honour is that when they encountered a Russian soldier, on their way out of Afghanistan and the soldier demanded a half hour with the lady in the back of the truck, Baba said, Ask him where his shame is.war doesnt negate decency. It demands it, even more than in time of peace.(p100) Baba was more secular in his views and did not like the orthodox religious preachers, who impose their rigid views on others and who couldnt even allow minor sins and errors. His views on fundamentalists Taliban when he says youll never learn anything of value from those bearded idiots-piss on the beards of all those self righteous monkeysGod help us all if Afghanistan ever falls into their hands(p15). While he has his own secular views, but he did good deeds in order to relieve his tormenting guilt. now, no matter what the Mullah teaches, there is only one sin, only one. And that is theft. Every other sin is a variation of theft. Do you understand that? (p16) For Amir, Religion is something entirely private; he was also influenced by his father and didnt much believe in traditional religious values. We only found him praying twice. Firstly, when his father got sick bowing my head to the ground, I recited half forgotten verses from the Koran..and asked for kindness from a God I wasnt sure existed.(p135) Secondly, when Sohrab tried to cut himself, the boy had cut himself deeply and lost a great deal of blood and my mouth begins to mutter that prayer again; La illaha il Allah, Muhammad u rasul ullahI will do namaz, I will do zakat. I will fast. (p304) Stereotypes of Religion We can see stereotypes of Taliban in The Kite Runner. Assef, the childhood bully, became a Taliban member. Hosseini portray Assef as a Talib just to give a back ground to the story. He knew that Taliban are already viewed badly in the western world. Assef claimed that hes on a mission of God and Amir asked him about his mission, What mission is that? ..Stoning adulterers? Raping children? Flogging women for wearing high heels? Massacring Hazaras? All in the name of Islam? (p248). As we can see how their rulers in the name of religion, beat, stoned, raped and brutalized women. Years of war had stripped them of gentleness, kindness and human expression, the very aspect of religion they allegedly follow and try to impose. And all in the name of God and religion they have turned their monstrosity on their own people. Critics of The Kite Runner Khaled Hosseinis THE KITE RUNNER faced lot of appreciation as well as criticism. Like all other work of art and literature, people from different sections advance  The Kite Runner  with different feelings. A critic for  The New York Times Book Review  described  The Kite Runner  as A story of fierce cruelty and fierce yet redeeming love. Both transform the life of Amir, Khaled Hosseinis privileged young narrator, who comes of age during the last peaceful days of the monarchy, just before the countrys revolution and its invasion by Russian forces. But, political events, even as dramatic as the ones that are presented in  The Kite Runner, are only a part of this story. In  The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini gives us a vivid and engaging story that reminds us how long his people have been struggling to triumph over the forces of violence. Forces that continue to threaten them even today. http://www.sholajawid.org/english/main_english/afghanistan_kite_runner290908.html Written in the back drop of 9/11by an Afghan born medical doctor, The Kite Runner presents a glimpse of socio political climate in Afghanistan and the Afghan community in northern California. The Kite Runner achieves this by offering a fictional portrait of recent events manipulated by tribalism and religious conservatism and aggravated by foreign interferences but overcome through the humanism and bravery, which is fuelled by the sense of community.(Sadat, 2004) Some argue that Hosseini has put his finger on very sensitive cultural issues that Afghanis dont like to be discussing in public. Others accuse him of being secular, who believe in oneness of Allah and the Quran. In my opinion, Khaled Hosseini took a very bold step, in order to disclose and expose such brutality and misery, which was practised by Pashtuns, (Afghanistans dominant nationality), against Hazaras in the name of Religion. The people should have the understanding of whats going on in the world, other than theirs, in order to do something for those who are living in oppression, either in the name of religion, or in the name of Jihad- where the male chauvinist violate innocent children, women and men. Conclusion The Kite Runner basically in my view is a legendary story of people of Afghanistan. The author provides a very long, descriptive and eye opening account of Afghanistans culture and traditions, along with its people. He portrays a complete picture of life in Kabul before Soviets invasion and Taliban to the Western world as a cosmopolitan, artistic and a very intellectual environment. According to Sadat (2004) the authors goal ..is to humanize the Afghan people and put a personal face to what has happened there. For me The Kite Runner is a story of peoples conscience that they have to face during their difficult times in life. The religion of the novel in my view is redemption. Redemption is very important for those who has conscience and have sinned. The entire story of The Kite Runner is focused on just one sentence, There is a way to be good again, (p.2) Allah says in Quran 12; 53 And I do not make myself free of blame, for the human soul is inclined to ignorance, except what My Lord has mercy on. Surely My Lord is Forgiving, Merciful. Allah accepts the repentance of those who do evil in ignorance and repent soon afterwards; to them will Allah turn in mercy: For Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom. Quran 4: 17.   The Buddhist, Christian and Hindu principles of salvation are very much in common. Each of them stresses on liberation from sin, and relief from evil. Their goal is to return back to their former chastity and happiness. As evil is everywhere in this physical world, it is inevitable to commit sin making it inseparable from life. They believe that freedom can be achieved only by deserting this world. Buddhist believes into this doctrine in its purest form while Christians and Hindus have adjusted it to some extent, according to their belief. Amir is telling us the story of his childhood, memories of which are corrupted with shame and guilt. Towards the end of the novel we learned to know that it is not only Amir who needs redemption but Baba and Rahim Khan has also sinned and lived throughout their life in guilt. Amir thinks of himself as the only sinner among his friends and family, and his guilt become stronger when he sees Hassan as a righteous person. Amir had disgraced himself by not coming forward and helping Hassan when he was attacked and by lying and creating a situation in which Hassan was blamed of stealing and made him and his father (Ali) to leave Amirs home. Amirs relationship with Baba was very strained, as his father was very hard-driving and demanding. Amir was Desperate for his fathers affection and respect, and turns to kite flying sport, in which he was good from his childhood. At the age of 12, he wins the annual tournament of kite flying in Kabul with the help of Hassan.   Amir was very jealo us of Hassan and wanted his fathers love so much for himself, that he hurt Hassan in the process.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Amir tried continuously to make even with Baba, and didnt realize that it is Babas guilt which made him so hard on Amir and that Baba also needed redemption. People find redemption when they pay in some way for their wrong doings and try to replace the bad things with good ones. One day, Rahim Khan, Amirs fathers close friend called him and told him that he needed to come back home and to make things right, that had been done wrong, there is a way to be good again(p.2) indicated to Amir that it was a right time to let the guilt go away and redeem himself from the sin he committed 26 years ago. Finally, Amir redeemed himself as Rahim Khan recommended for him in his last letter, ..I believe, is what true redemption is, Amir jan, when guilt leads to good (p263). Later on, in the novel we learned that Hassan was his half brother and that he had had a son. Amir found his way to redemption by looking after Hassans orphan son. He left his wife and home in America to look for the boy in Afghanistan. Once, Hassan stood up for Amir, now its Amir turn to do something for his son Sohrab. He had to fight with his childhood enemy, (Assef) the man who caused him the suffering and guilt, in order to rescue Sohrab, and it was Sohrab who saved Amirs life that day who wanted to sacrifice his blood for Hassan in the same way as Hassan did in the alley one night about 26 years ago. When Amir was cruelly beaten by Assef, he laughed and said, .My body was broken-just how badly I wouldnt find until later-but I felt healed. Healed at last. I laughed (p253). These words show that his guilt and anxiety of finding redemption were really huge. He felt he deserved to be punched to the point of almost dying; he needed to feel punishment for what he did. The Kite Runner is a beautiful story about guilt and forgiveness, fear and redemption. The story emphasizes on what happens when there is an overwhelming fear which control ones actions, and the way one deals with this kind of situations. Rahim Khan carries the novels conclusive message about forgiveness. God is always merciful; and it is people who are not. He tells Amir in his letter, I know that in the end, God will forgive. He will forgive your father, me, and you too Forgive your father if you can. Forgive me if you wish. But most important, forgive yourself. (P263-264)

Effects of Drug Abuse on Adolescents

Effects of Drug Abuse on Adolescents Drug Abuse: A Calamitous future of teenagers Introduction Every year, at a quickening rate, social progressions determined by engineering impacts us individually as well as our family, group, city, country, and the world. What does this need to do with Drug use and/or misuse? Exactly as gadgets persistently develop, drug use takes after comparable way of development. Individuals in the public arena use drugs to adapt to the pressure exuding from the social change, other get dependent by sitting in drug abusing society, number of them get impact by media, and the vast majority of them get compulsion by modeling their guardians (Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, .2012). Ideally the age in which medical science emphasize on taking a healthy diet for proper nourishment of blood and bones, teenagers get indulge voluntarily or involuntarily in drug abusing habits. Besides its harsh effect on individual’s psychological and physiological health, it is the matter of the whole nation like our developing country Pakistan in which teenagers are expected to be extraordinary responsible for the well being and upcoming back bone of the nation. Drug use has been distinguished as a significant open wellbeing issue in Pakistan. As indicated by a review in 2005, there are around 3.5 million drug abusers, and the numbers are rapidly increasing at a yearly rate of 7%. From one of the overview of drug abusers among distinctive age group, 22.4 % of youngsters were included in drug abuse (Ali et al,. (2011). The drug abuser may expect or see the significance of Drug use as the accomplishment of pleasurable sentiments, expanded social associations (diminished restr aint), physical progressions or evasion of withdrawal manifestations in somebody who is reliant on drug and modification of their mental condition to a more attractive state (idealism). Body: As far as open wellbeing, teenagers substance utilization issue has broad social and financial implications. The various unfriendly results connected with high school drinking and substance utilization issue incorporate deadly and nonfatal wounds from drug and alcohol related vehicle accidents, crimes, suicides, dangerous sexual practices, savagery, and psychiatric issue. The most common drugs which are used by teenagers in Pakistan are, Cocaine, alcohol, smoking, cannabis, barbiturates, heroin and ecstasy (Ali et al., 2011). According to National Institute on Drug Abuse (2013), Some of the effects which drugs cause on physiological and mental health are Increased tactile recognition; euphoria, consideration, judgment, coordination and equalization, expanded heart rate, expanded ravenousness schizophreniform issue, impeded transient memory, bronchitis, magnified tachycardia and impact on circulatory system, intensified hindrance of cognitive, psychomotor, and driving execution, Irrit ability, Chronic cough, odd bad dreams, and tension, Euphoria, dry mouth, warm flushing of skin, substantial feeling in furthest points, interchange attentive and sleepy states, sickness, tingling, discouraged breath, lung and upper aviation route carcinoma is undetermined. A 17 year old male patient was admitted in ward under treatment of lungs tumor, upon taking history, he revealed that he was a chronic smoker and using cannabis since 12 years of age, on further investigation on drug addiction he declared the reason of addiction was his father who was a chain smoker as well as a chronic alcoholic abuser. Moreover his acquaintances were also involved in smoking and alcohol consummating behaviors. The family and companion gathering have been recognized as two of the most essential components in understanding immature substance use. Parental impacts have likewise been discovered to be noteworthy indicators of teenager tobacco, alcohol, and drug use, counting the way of parental supe rvision and observing (David. 2005). Most of the time parents get so busy in their official and house chores that they could not be able to give proper attention and care to their children which can bring a wide gap between parent child relation and the child ultimately get prone to vulnerable society. Most of the teenagers indulge in drug abusing behaviors due to feeling of inferiority. For improvement in self esteem some low self esteemed teenagers starts using drugs, which describes that depressive symptomology initiates drugs use (Eva et al., 1987). Teenagers are getting victim of drug abuse globally. According to Hanson, Venturelli Fleckenstein, (2012) the current illegal drug use in United states were: 9.8% in the West, 8.2% in the Northeast, 7.1% in the South and 7.6% in the Midwest. Seeing smoking in movies can just increase the risks three times more that an immature will have a go at smoking. In an investigation of New England youths, the individuals who saw the most meas ure of smoking in motion pictures were 2.7 times more prone to have a go at smoking contrasted with the individuals who saw the slightest measure of smoking. (Dalton et al., 2003). Recommendations: Teenage is a time period where a preschooler enters into social world and physiologically and psychologically changes occurs. As we understand that family structure is a significant predictor of adolescent substance use, even after controlling for family process variables and other factors. Some of the points of considerations are that when a child enters into pubertal stage they must be approached differently than elder adults considering their understanding and mental level. Individual teaching to friends and family, nursing campaigns for awareness of consequences of drugs, community level workshops, use of social media like news, radio, television an internet and organizing different teenage related health Programs should be take into account. Moreover, for treatment of adolescents in hospital settings and in community, we as a nurse must also need to be cautious about ethnicity, gender, stage of readiness to change, cultural background and disability status. Programs should be sh ape in a way that involves the teenager’s family due to its conceivable part in the roots of the issue and its significance as an agent of progress in the teenager’s environment. Negative effect of social media, poor attention of parents, and drug abusing society are the fundamental issues for spoiling teenagers and ruining their personal future as well as demoralizing the character of the nation globally. We all should bring hands together to vanish the burning issues from the society to live a healthy life. References Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. (1999). Treatment of adolescents with substance use disorders. Ali, H., Bushra, R., Aslam, N. (2011). Profile of drug users in Karachi city, Pakistan.EMHJ,17(1). E Y Deykin,J C Levy, andV Wells. Adolescent depression, alcohol and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health February 1987: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 178-182. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.77.2.178 Wakefield, M., Flay, B., Nichter, M., Giovino, G. (2003). Role of the media in influencing trajectories of youth smoking.Addiction,98(s1), 79-103. Eitle, D. (2005). The moderating effects of peer substance use on the family structure–adolescent substance use association: Quantity versus quality of parenting.Addictive behaviors,30(5), 963-980. ROZI, S. y AKHTAR, S..Prevalence and predictors of smokeless tobacco use among high-school males in Karachi, Pakistan.East. Mediterr. health j.[online]. 2007, vol.13, n.4, pp. 916-924. ISSN 1020-3397. Hanson,G.R., Venturelli,P.J., Fleckenstein,A.E. (2012).DRUGS AND SOCIETY(11thed.). Burlington, U.S: Jones Bartlett. Dalton,M.A., Sargent,J.D., Beach,M.L., Titus-Ernstoff,L., Gibson,J.J., Ahrens,M.B., . . . Heatherton,T.F. (2003). Effect of viewing smoking in movies on adolescent smoking initiation: a cohort study.Lancet,362(9380). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13970-0 Health Effects | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/commonly-abused-drugs/health-effects

The Resistance to Change Essay -- Case Study

Think back to the first day of any class one was allowed to choose the seating of their choice. The second day, everyone decides to sit in the same seating as the previous day. The third day comes along and as one walks into the class room, one notices that someone is sitting in their seat. The sensation of being thrown off balance takes over along with being uncomfortable for the remainder of the day. The following questions then arise: â€Å"why does this phenomenon occur?† Yukl states â€Å"Resistance to change is a common phenomenon for individuals and organizations (Yuki, 285).† Let’s now turn our attention at the case study that was presented by Almah J. Joseph â€Å"Dilemma at the Public Service Department.† Being placed into a high political office or in any leadership position can be difficult to transition into when it is a new organization they are entering. The new leader placed in office already contains a new perspective as to how the organiz ation should be run. On the other hand, the employees that are already in the organization have the cultural perspective that was placed upon them through their previous leader. Like the seating phenomenon that was previously described, there will be resistance to change, and as a leader in an organization, they must find a way to make this change occur. Appointed for the first time as commissioner of the Public Service Department, Alex is faced with the dilemma of attempting to fixed, what seems to be a corrupt Department. In Grover Starling’s book, â€Å"Managing the Public Sector,† he describes a few â€Å"pitfalls of public-sector planning in which Alex seems to be practicing (Starling, 227). These pitfalls include under planning, trying to do too much, and ignoring unintended consequences. First ... ...al perspective to reassure that people internally and externally are being taken care if fairly. Patience in this case would have been helpful and allowed him more than a day to prepare for how he could have tackled the issue. Instead of tackling all three cases, he could have gone with a more realistic approach of handling the situation. One case at a time would have been more ideal than tackling them all at one. All in all, Alex made some mistakes but his actions were for the right reasons. Works Cited Joseph, A., M. â€Å"The Dilemma at the Public Service Department† in Public Performance & Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, March 2001, pp. 285-287 Starling, G. (2010). Managing the public sector. (9th ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Pub Co. Yukl, Gary. 2006. Leadership in Organizations, 6th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, Chapter 10.

The Norse Viking Age Essay -- Expansion of the Vikings

In most cases, the Norse Viking Age is recorded to have officially began in 793 AD with the first recorded raid through to 1066 AD, ending with the Battle of Hastings. However, these dates vary upon scholars. The Battle of Hastings wasn't exactly the end of the Viking Age, because the Norse were spread out across Europe and Viking raids continued to take place in other locations. With that said, dating the conclusion of the Viking Age is fairly generic because Viking raids were sporadic in many locations and when one area was under control, another area was being raided. Additionally, because Viking raiders weren't unified efforts and most Norsemen tended to 'vikingr' (raid) at their own whim. This places the conclusion of the Viking Age at approximately the beginning of the 12th Century-ish. This is also about the time when Norse and other Kingdoms were becoming increasingly solidified and more able to repel Viking incursions. This was also around the time when the Christia nization of Northern Europe and Norse dominated lands began to take a firmer hold. So dating the exact end of the Viking Age is vague at best. The same can be said about the approximate beginning of the Viking Age as well. Although it's officially marked by most scholars as beginning in 793 AD with the raid on the Lindisfarne Monastery, however it wasn't a new concept to go â€Å"vikingr' (raid). Viking raids were already occurring in a vast range of other areas, including France. The most accepted official start of the Viking Age is recorded to have begun on June 8th, 793 AD when Norse raiders landed on the island of Lindisfarne and attacked the Christian Monastery located there, killing the monks and seizing the valuables. Viking raids by op... ...This left Alfred in command and the West Saxon and Viking armies met and the battle itself lasted all day. Bagsecg was killed along with his five Danish Jarls. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle King Bagsecg was slain by a sword while Halfdan fled from the battlefield with the rest of the army back to Reading. The Battle of Ashdown itself was a limited West Saxon Victory. The Battle of Basing was a battle on January 22nd, 871 AD at Old Basing in what is now the English county of Hampshire. It was one of a series of battles that took place following an invasion of the then kingdom of Wessex by an army of Danes, remnants of the merged Great Heathen Army and Great Summer Army. The Danes had established a camp at Reading and the previous battles of Englefield, the Battle of Reading and the Battle of Ashdown, had proved indecisive with victories to both sides.

History Free Response Essay

In the period of 1820 -1840 a two party system began to form for several reasons including major political personalities as well as economic issues. Conflicts began to surface during this time period, which contributed to the reemergence of a two party system. Major Political Personalities such as Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford, and John Quincy Adams were all candidates for president in 1824. This is where the first split began. All four candidates were from the Republican Party. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but failed to win the majority of the Electoral College. According to the constitution, the top three candidates would be voted on in the House of Representatives. Clay was eliminated as he received the 4th amount of votes. Clay used his power as speaker of the House to throw his support to John Quincy Adams. Shortly after Quincy Adams’ election he placed Clay in the position of Secretary of State, a known stepping-stone to the presidency. Jackson called this â€Å"foul play†, and many of Jackson’s followers called the Election of 1824 a â€Å"corrupt bargain.† When election time came again in 1828 Jackson ran as a democrat while Quincy Adams ran as Republican. Jackson won the electio n as a Democratic. Jackson faced many crises during this time, which made him quite a few friends as well as many enemies. The Tariff of 1828, which sought to drive up tariffs on many southern products, was widely disapproved by the people in the south but highly accepted by people in the north and could be seen as a power struggle between Daniel Webster who was Pro-Tariff and John C. Calhoun who was Anti-Tariff. Calhoun advocated a complete nullification of the bill in South Carolina. Jackson responded immediately by threatening to send in armed forces to collect the taxes in South Carolina if necessary. Jackson also made enemies with his Indian Removal Act. Even though Jackson made many enemies during his first term he was re-elected to a second term and defeated Clay in this second Election. During this election can the beginning of the Anti- Masonic Party. The Anti- Masonic Party was an Anti-Jackson Party. This party hated the Jackson Party, as well as Jackson himself, who was a Mason. During Jackson’s second term a long-term party developed which was called the Whigs, which stood for everythi ng that was anti-Jackson. They hated the â€Å"abuse† of Jackson because he used the veto power more than any of the other presidents combined. President Jackson did not run for re-election, as he was too old. However, by this point in time two distinct parties had formed. On one side were the democrats who glorified the individual, and believed in the liberal idea of laissez faire or self-help. They believed that the government should not bail out or attempt to help businesses that were failing by giving financial support. The Whigs however, supported the market system and capitalism. Whigs favored moral reforms, a national bank, tariffs and a natural balance in society as well as the community over the individual which was very much anti-Jackson. Both parties had many similarities however a primary division of the two parties came because of economic issue. A second issue that arose and led to two political parties was the Bank of the United States. The Bank of the United States was due to expire, which meant it would need to be re-chartered. A Bank war erupted when two political viewpoints fought over the re-chartering of the bank. One side wanted the re-chartering to be passed and the other wanted President Jackson to use his veto power so the bank would be eliminated. Jackson was against the re- chartering, as he was apprehensive of all banks and their paper-money issues along with the fact that he believed that the bank had intervened in local and national elections. Jackson also believed that the banks president had too much control of its wealth and power. Jackson decided the Bank of the United States would not be re-chartered. Jackson began removing funds from the Bank in the hopes that it would slowly close it down. He placed these removals into smaller state banks. Several other smaller banks also formed at this time and issued their own paper money. This new money led to over pricing of land in the west and forced Jackson to issue an order that all land be purchased with metal money instead of the paper money. Jackson left office shortly after this and left president Martin Van Buren to clean up this issue which had spread to every other part of the economy. In the hopes of stopping the crisis Van Buren formed the Independent Treasury who would keep all government funds locked away in vaults. After Van Buren, the Federal Reserve System was created to help control the amount of money in circulation and to keep a certain amount in the central government. The Whigs, which was a major politically party formed because of the trouble surrounding the Bank of the United States. The Whigs stood for a strong national bank in control of every aspect while Jackson and the Democrats believed in central government supervision of state banks. This became the primary distinction between the two political parties. Both political personalities like Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams and economic issues as with The Bank of the United States led to the re-emergence of the two party systems of Whigs and Democrats.

Discuss the Economic Advantages and Disadvantages to the Uk of Participation in the

Discuss the economic advantages and disadvantages to the UK of participation in the European single currency (Euro). Will British businesses be better or worse off if the country decides to participate? Introduction of Euro in the world’s monetary union is a milestone. Eleven countries were going to create EMU at the beginning, now there is a long queue to join in EMU. Most of the EMU members get more advantage then disadvantage to join in Euro. Euro creates a large market in the Eurozone. Three core members of EU (Great Britain, Sweden and Denmark) still not participate in European single currency. Many European countries are very excited to join in EU, some of them decided to implement European rate mechanism- 2 (ERM-2). If Britain accept euro then the country poses both advantage and disadvantage. Productivity and living standard will increase if Britain joins in Euro. If they will not join, they have chance to fall further behind. European Union European Union is the union of twenty-seven countries. Most of the members of European Union come to join in EU from European Continent. The origin of European Union associated with foundation of European coal and steel community. Treaties of Rome or Schuman declaration formed European Economic Commission. Both these bodies are essential parts of European Union. Rome treaty signed in 1957 for creating European Economic Community (EEC). Belgium, France, Netherlands, Luxemburg, West Germany and Italy are the core six members of EEC. During that period, West Germany and Netherlands built nexus among them by the help of European Steel and Coal Community. Among the six countries of EEC, they allowed free movement of labour and capital. Free trade also allowed. They abolished internal tariffs among them and set external tariffs. In enlargement stage, UK, Denmark and Ireland become member of EEC. Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in EEC in 1981 and 1986 respectively. After this enlargement stage, the commission president Jacquas Delors signed single European act. In 1992, the Maastricht treaty signed to establish European Union. According to Sloman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 563) â€Å"May 2004 marks the latest expansion, with 10 new members joining. These are Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Solvakia and Solvenia†. European single currency: Euro is the single currency among the countries that include in European Union. Other countries also adopt the single currencies. In 1932, the chairman of German Bank Hans F? rstenberg gave the idea about European currency to set up European central bank. The idea came about euro currency among the countries before Second World War. Idea of European integration became stronger after Second World War. Some sequential incidents happen after the war. In 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSE) established, Rome treaty signed in 1957 and at the same time, European Economic Community formed. Rome treaty and Economic Community both made the path for euro to lunch. European monetary system established for full monetary support in 1979. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 741) â€Å"Details of the path towards EMU were finalised in the Maastricht treaty, which was signed in February 1992. The timetable for EMU involved adaptation of a single currency by 1999 at the latest†. Therefore, Maastricht treaty made the path for euro easier. Before joining the euro currency, each country fulfilled five criteria, which set by the European central Bank. The eleven members of EU out of fifteen could fulfil the criteria and joined in Euro. Sweden and Greece could not fulfil the criteria. Later 2001, Greece joined in Euro. Euro came in to the market on 1 January of 1999 but the bank note and coin were introduced 2002. National currency of the European countries withdrawn from market due to introduce euro notes and coin. Road to EMU European Monetary Union proposed by Delors committee report. The road to EMU described in three phases. Phase 1: Remove the entire trade barrier in internal market including capital controls among the countries. Enhanced coordination from different countries in the economic and monetary policy. Phase 2: European Monetary Institute (EMI) established. EMI monitored macroeconomic convergence of members according to Maastricht treaty. In that stage, commission prepared logistic and organisation framework for ECB. Phase 3: In that stage, Union fixed the exchange rate, euro introduced as a single currency. European Monetary Institute replaced by establishment of European Central Bank. Advantage of Single Currency Several advantages deserves, if one country join in to the single currency such as eliminating transaction cost, avoid exchange rate uncertainty, increase transparency of price, increase credibility of monetary union. All the member of European Union gets equal opportunity and benefits. The countries get benefit in the case of converting currencies. Every European Countries have separate currency. When anyone converting the currency of any European country in to another European country’s currency then the converting cost added each time. If we used single currency, we can easily minimize the converting cost. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 742) â€Å"the European commission estimated that the effect was to increase the GDP of the countries concerned by an average of only 0. 4 percent†. United state of America whose have 51 states with one single currency. They get benefit of single currency in their market. Euro currency gives the chance to European country to make a large single market. Pricing difference increased in market if we cannot use single currency. Pricing depends on rate of currencies. Therefore, we get same product in different price due to different rate of different currencies. Single currency increased the transparency of product price. Invest increased in euro zone because there is one single currency available. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 42) â€Å"investment from the rest of the world is attracted to a euro zone of over 300 million inhabitants, where there is no fear of internal currency movements†. Travel becomes easier due to euro. There is no hassle in converting currencies. No time waste during travel due to single currency which used in everywhere in euro zone. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 743) â€Å"A single monetary policy convergence in inflation rates. Provided the ECB succeeds in remaining independent from short-term political manipulation, this is likely to result in a lower average inflation rate in the eurozone countries†. Therefore, the single currency helps lower inflation rate in eurozone. Abolish the market barrier is another advantage in eurozone. Abolishment of trade barrier helps to maximise profit and increase market size. In eurozone, there is no market barrier among the members and they can easily market their product in eurozone. Disadvantage of Single Currency The European Union brings lot of advantage to members. Some are argue that it also brings some disadvantages. When euro introduce, EMU members have to invest huge amount of money to change payroll, pricelist, database, software and so on. It is an investment cost, which arises due to lunch euro. Previous coins and banks note removed from the market, cost of previous coins and notes also include in investment cost. Some of the countries change their trade patters due to introduce euro. If the country accepted euro as a single currency then the country cannot accept separate national monetary policy. Only European Central Bank can conduct monetary policy in Europe. Most of the people take seriously the issue that we lose our independence in policy making. According to Solman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 43) â€Å"Another problem for members of a single currency occurs in adjusting to a shock when that shock affects members to different degrees. These are known as asymmetric shocks†. In case of asymmetric shocks no European countries have no right to utilize national monetary policy survey, they should try to find out another option for fighting against asymmetric shocks. Single currency also effect in country’s independency. Local government faced problem when they lose the independency. Single currency increased the lost of human capital, because capital moved freely in eurozone. Skilled worked and specialist will try to look for better jobs and wages in other countries. It means that skilled full worked migrate to east to west to take advantages of higher benefits and wages. Economic advantages for UK to participate in the single currency: It is become a big issue whether Britain join or not join in Euro. Every decision has some advantage and disadvantage. Joining Britain in single currency has some economic advantage and disadvantage. Country’s people and government of Britain are collecting information to make their mind about entry in to the single currency zone. Increase income & living of Standard: In 1956, France and Germany had overtaken of Britain position in living of standard, because France and Germany decided to join European common market. Then in 1973, Britain joined in ECM and stopped their declining situation. European countries are making a united market by the help of single currency. These single currencies help European countries to increase their income and living of standard. If Britain not joins, they fall behind. Problems in Exchange rate: before lunching euro, Germany faced exchange rate risk if they sold their products in Britain, Italy or any European countries. After lunching euro, they have no risk because they (European countries) used euro as a single currency but Britain still have the same risk. Eliminating exchange rate fluctuations and increase the price transparency then we can reduce the investment risk- and the total process required a single currency. Therefore, by the help of euro, Britain can easily reduce the investment risk. Large single market: we can easily make a large single market in Europe. This large single market arise more competition and increase trade. All European counties got the benefits of single market so why not Britain? Britain medium size country, which is dependent on international trade so, separate currency become a disadvantage for Britain even they cannot neglect the exchange rate like as US. In single market, producers are going to reach more customers simultaneously customers can easily get the product from wide range of suppliers. Economic disadvantage of UK participating in the single currency UK still not participates in Euro due to same obstacles. Government of UK takes their time to analyse and understanding their position. UK takes several problems with great concern. Same interest rate: In the eurozone, every country has some interest rate, which selected by the European central bank. Britain thinks that European central bank set their interest for whole Europe not for Britain. However, Britain thinks that, one interest rate is not suitable for different countries for every times- it means that one size does not fit all. Britain will cut down their interest rate if they faced in negative shock (asymmetric shock). Britain can easily cut down their interest rate because hey still not participate in euro and they have own independent budgetary policy. This budgetary policy can easily used to minimize the shock and stabilize the economy. According to Sloman and Sutcliffe (2004, p. 745) â€Å"in the UK, a large proportion of borrowings is at variables interest rates. In Germany, by contrast, much is at fixed rates. Thus if the ECB were to raise interest rates, the deflationary effects would be felt dispro portionately in the UK†. So, it is true that, the interest rate which is select for eurozone creates different impacts on each country. Unemployment rate: different unemployment rate going through among European countries. Over 8% unemployment rate in France, Germany, Italy. Where as Austria, Ireland, Sweden have only 4% unemployment rate but Britain have below 4%. Increasing the unemployment rate in eurozone is not mistake of European Union. This mistake creates by different national policy among different countries. Minimum wage rate is high in UK than any other countries of Eurozone, so skilled full manpower come here to work and UK faces unemployment problems. Britain think joining euro is like that joins in exchange rate mechanism. They think, ERM was fixed exchange rate system in Europe. This mechanism helps us in exchange our currency not more than that. In case of British Business: The positive effect and negative effect of Euro may be different from country to country. It is very tough for us to identify all of the effect. In the Eurozone, each country has different financial system and euro make some positive and negative effect on their business. In the below, we describe about UK’s business condition if they join in euro. Positive Side Giant euro firm will create with substantial economic power due to free movements of capital. Many European company is merger recently. British business can easily get benefits to join euro and merge with other company in European continent to maximize profit. If UK joins in Euro, the inward investment will increase. According to Sloman and Sutclifffe (2004, p. 742) â€Å"from 1990 to 1999, the UK’s share of inward investment to the EU was nearly 40 percent. From 1999 to 2002, it was 24 percent†. So, inward investment diverted to eurozone from UK. Britain thinks that if they join in euro, then European Union passed law which affecting Britain. Then, they have no power of influence over European countries. Britain ideas is totally wrong because Britain still not participate in Euro and European Union gives no more emphasize (showed any honour) on Britain. It is better for Britain that joins in euro and influence European Union as well as outside Europe. Britain can easily organise regular meeting among European countries and represent the European central bank. This way, help Britain to influence over European business cycle. Negative Side Most serious issue is that, the British currency continues to fluctuate against the Euro. It is real disadvantage for business. Suppose a firm produces machine in Britain and sells them in France. Company pay wages in pounds, the goods become expansive to the consumer among eurozone if the pounds become expansive. Therefore, the firm cannot sells as much as they expected, even they accepts a lower profit margin. The firm go to bankrupt situation due to firm’s profit fall. It is a example of business risk. Separate currency increase the business risk for any company. Most of the company faced this type of business risk because Britain still not participates in single currency. British businesses are going to worse situation due to absence of single currency. London city is the largest financial centre. More people worked in London in financial services than Frankfurt, Europe’s next largest centre. We know that finance is a footloose industry and London is a city of mergers and acquisition, or foreign exchange trading. London city enjoys a success cycle by self-reinforcing. The cycle of the success will be broken due to absence from the Euro. Conclusion European Union tries to establish a eurozone. Many European countries showed interest to join in EU but we cannot still predict how benefit it for member of EU. Britain still not participate in Eurozone, it is true single currency can boosted the economy but in Britain value of pound still strong against dollar and other currencies of the world. Higher value of pound is an advantage of Britain to attract a lot of foreign investor. Some economist suggested that Britain should join in Euro due to falling rate of pounds but euro cannot make any advantage of UK economy. Same monetary policy applied in eurozone which create more controversy. It is true that a single monetary policy is inappropriate to deal with asymmetric shocks. To join euro means loss of independency in policy making another way we can say that loss sovereignty of a country. References: Sloman J & Sutcliffe M (2004). Economics for Business, 3rd edn, NJ: Pearson Education McAleese D (1997). Economics for Business, Harlow: Prentice Hall http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Euro http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/European_union http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pounds http://www. google. co. uk/